St. Louis’ MLS team’s ownership group is a sign of the sport’s growing accessibility. MLS teams typically use commercial flights to transport players and staff between matches, with only four charter flights allowed under league rules.[237]. The Seattle Sounders FC franchise was named the most valuable at $175 million, a 483% gain over the $30 million league entrance fee it paid in 2009. Each team is allowed up to 30 players on its first team roster. After marketing itself on the talents of American players, the league lost some of its homegrown stars to prominent European leagues. ", "Major League Soccer Announces Elimination of Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion for 2002 Season", "MLS' Don Garber Talks State of the League with the Daily", "Major League Soccer's Billionaire Owners", "Red Bull Is New Owner, and Name, of MetroStars", "Major League Soccer assumes ownership of Chivas USA", "Major League Soccer awards new team to Los Angeles", "Group led by Gabriel Brener acquires AEG's ownership interests in Houston Dynamo", "15 Years of The Don: Under Garber, MLS stayed afloat, has taken strides", "A sports league that's unprofitable—but hopeful". With an average attendance of over 20,000 per game, MLS has the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball (MLB),[16] and is the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide as of 2013[update]. [51] [80] In 2012, the Montreal Impact became the league's 19th franchise and the third in Canada, and made their home debut in front of a crowd of 58,912,[81] while the New York Red Bulls added Australian all-time leading goalscorer Tim Cahill. In addition to the new crest logo, MLS teams display versions in their own colors on their jerseys. [132] The league has attracted new investors that have injected more money into the league. At one time, Anschutz owned six MLS franchises and is responsible for helping the league through periods of financial hardship. [241], The current league anthem debuted in 2020 and was composed by film score composer Hans Zimmer. Serial investor Al Tylis, who owns shareholdings in Major League Soccer side DC United and Championship club Swansea, is heading up the deal. From the section. For example, Tim Howard was transferred to Manchester United for $4 million in one of the most lucrative contract deals in league history. [51], After its first season, MLS suffered from a decline in attendance. Carey is an owner of Seattle Sounders FC and serves as chairman of Sounders FC Alliance, the club’s member association. [46] Major League Soccer was officially formed in February 1995 as a limited liability company. The league's "Core Players" initiative allows teams to re-sign players using retention funds that do not count against the salary cap. [39] All 30 players are eligible for selection to each 18-player game-day squad during the regular season and playoffs. with the family of the late Chaleo Yoovidhya, has made something of a habit of buying sports teams and using them as marketing tools for the drink company. [113], The league planned to expand to 30 teams with the addition of Austin FC in 2021,[5] Charlotte in 2022,[118] and Sacramento and St. Louis in 2023; however, this was reduced to 29 after Sacramento's bid was placed on indefinite hold. Stadium, are both owned by self-made billionaire Robert Kraft. [73] [163] High-profile players for which TAM funds were used include Hector Villalba and Zlatan Ibrahimović. Drew Carey. The three contracts have an average estimated value of $90 million per season—five times larger than the average $18 million value of the previous contracts with ESPN, Univision, and NBC Sports. [61] This began a trend among MLS teams to construct their own venues instead of leasing American football stadiums. [35], Since 2018, the reigning MLS Cup champion plays in the Campeones Cup, a single game against the Campeón de Campeones from Liga MX, hosted by the MLS team in September. Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Historic Crew Stadium, was built in 1999, becoming MLS's first soccer-specific stadium. [87][88], In 2014, the league announced Atlanta United FC as the 22nd team to start playing in 2017. [236] These valuations do not include the value of stadiums or training facilities owned by the respective clubs. The Chicago Fire is owned by investment firm Andell Holdings, which is led by Andrew Hauptman. Neither MLS nor the conniving owner of the Columbus Crew own soccer in Columbus. [143], The average salary for MLS players is $373,094,[144] lower than the average salaries in England's second-tier EFL Championship ($420,000 in 2015),[145] the Netherlands' Eredivisie ($445,000),[146] or Mexico's Liga MX ($418,000 in 2015). Away from his business ventures, Anschutz has an extensive art collection, some of which can be seen on display in the Denver Art Museum. The former footballer – … [257][258], In 2018, online streaming service DAZN obtained Major League Soccer's digital out-of-market service MLS Live—with live and on-demand streaming of matches featuring U.S. teams (matches with Canadian teams are only available after a 48-hour delay to protect the league's main rightsholders TSN and TVA Sports). His father, Emanuele Saputo, is worth $4.3 billion. Microsoft [7], The league features numerous rivalry cups that are contested by two or more teams, usually geographic rivals. The Reserve League was formed in 2005, and operated through 2014 (with the exception of the 2009 & 2010 seasons). Bet on the Whitecaps to beat out the Lions", "Major League Soccer to sell ad space on jerseys", "Crew catching up financially to rest of MLS", "MLS to add jersey sleeve advertisements in 2020", "Beckham Arrives to Find a Sport Thriving in Its Own Way", "Sounders FC's success resonates globally", "Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams 2018: Atlanta United Debuts On Top", "Montreal Impact, Vancouver Whitecaps voice concerns about Major League Soccer travel woes", "MLS Disciplinary Committee fines Davies for dive vs. RSL", "Ahead of 20th season, MLS unveils new logo, branding to alter look", "Major League Soccer reveals epic new anthem by legendary Hollywood composer Hans Zimmer", "Toye: Fans are delighted the old NASL names, Sounders, Timbers, Whitecaps and Quakes were saved", "Will the Kansas City Wizards become Sporting Kansas City? With 27 teams in 2021, each team plays two games, home and away, against every team in its conference and one game against all but four or five of the teams in the opposite conference. Several club names in MLS originated with previous professional soccer clubs, such as the 1970s-era NASL team names San Jose Earthquakes, Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers and Vancouver Whitecaps.[243]. Tepper is the wealthiest owner in both the NFL and MLS, with an estimated net worth of $12 billion. Film exec Joe Roth is the majority owner, while comedian Drew Carey joins Allen as one of the club's three minority owners. The Major League Soccer and MLS name and shield are registered trademarks of Major League Soccer, L.L.C. The networks primarily broadcast matches involving the league's Canadian franchises, in combination with separate "regional" rights deals giving TSN exclusive rights to all Toronto FC and Vancouver Whitecaps FC matches. Many of the matches on Decision Day every year are expected to determine the final spots for the MLS Cup Playoffs. [90] The 2014 World Cup featured 21 MLS players on World Cup rosters and a record 11 MLS players playing for foreign teams—including players from traditional powerhouses Brazil (Júlio César) and Spain (David Villa); in the U.S. v. Germany match the U.S. fielded a team with seven MLS starters. This is huge news for soccer in the Windy City, as the Fire have played at Soldier Field before but maybe now is the right time to take the team downtown permanently. You’re better off without him. [232], The Los Angeles Galaxy made a profit in 2003 in their first season at The Home Depot Center,[54] and FC Dallas turned a profit after moving into Pizza Hut Park in 2005. Okay, there is a bunch of weird rules when it comes to the playoffs. [72] The DP rule has led to large income inequality in MLS with top DPs earning as much as 180 times more than a player earning the league minimum. Players under the Home Grown Player rule are signed to Generation Adidas contracts,[150] all players on Generation Adidas contracts are "off budget players" and their salaries do not count against the cap. [148][149], Teams may augment their squads by signing players from other leagues. The first game was held on April 6, 1996, as the San Jose Clash defeated D.C. United before 31,000 fans at Spartan Stadium in San Jose in a game broadcast on ESPN. Let Anthony Precourt go, Columbus. The following season, in 2011, the Portland Timbers made their MLS debut in a newly renovated Jeld-Wen Field, now renamed Providence Park, which was originally a multi-purpose venue but turned into a soccer-specific facility. The development of soccer-specific stadiums owned by the teams has generated a better gameday experience for the fans. In August 2015 Forbes updated its MLS franchise values with the most profitable team measuring $245 million and the least $105 million. (Steven Goff/@SoccerInsider) The news that Anthony Precourt, who owns the Columbus Crew, wants to move the team to Austin caught me by surprise. [21] The league has a fixed membership like most sports leagues in the United States and Canada, which makes it one of the world's few soccer leagues that does not use promotion and relegation. All Rights Reserved, This is a BETA experience. For starters, MLS is a single-entity structure. [4], Having multiple clubs operated by a single investor was a necessity in the league's first ten years. [22], Major League Soccer's regular season runs from late February or early March to October. and TV Networks Reach Deal to Set Weekly Slots for Games", "ESPN, Fox and Univision promise new emphasis to domestic game, MLS in landmark eight-year TV deal", "ESPN+ launching on April 12; MLS LIVE games moving to platform", "MLS, NBC announce three-year broadcast deal", "Analyzing NBC's ratings in its first season of broadcasting Major League Soccer", "MLS announces sale of KICKTV YouTube channel & soccer media platform to Copa90", "Major League Soccer Signs Content Deal With Bleacher Report; Streaming Deal Could Be Next", "Every Game, All Season Long: MLS ON TSN Kicks Off its Complete Coverage of Vancouver Whitecaps FC This Saturday", "TSN to broadcast all Whitecaps FC games beginning in 2014", "Canadian national broadcast schedule for 2017 revealed; CTV to air 7 games", "Impact sign multimedia deal, name TVA Sports broadcaster", "MLS partners with DAZN to live stream U.S. matches for Canadian soccer fans", "MLS and Sky Sports Announce Groundbreaking Partnership to Broadcast MLS in the United Kingdom", "MLS and British broadcaster Sky Sports announce groundbreaking partnership", "Discovery launches sports channel DSPORT in India", Division 1 Soccer League in the United States, Première Ligue de Soccer Féminine du Québec, Croatian-North American Soccer Tournament, Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983), Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League, List of Canadian soccer clubs in American leagues, Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Soccer&oldid=1024374896, Professional soccer leagues in the United States, Top level association football leagues in North America, Multi-national professional sports leagues, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Intermedia Cloud Communications (game - main), This page was last edited on 21 May 2021, at 18:42. United was entering its fifth consecutive season without [167] The various MLS teams' development academies play matches in a U.S. Soccer developmental league against youth academies from other leagues such as the North American Soccer League (NASL), which had been a Division II league prior to 2018, and USL Pro, originally a Division III league but now the Division II USL Championship.[168]. [4][127][128] Each team has an investor-operator that is a shareholder in the league. David Beckham's Major League Soccer team will be called Club Internacional de Futbol Miami - or Inter Miami CF - and the club's crest has been unveiled. 8 Paul Allen, United States – Seattle Sounders FC, Major League Soccer. [12] The inaugural season took place in 1996 with ten teams. The league stated that it rejected the offer due to the exclusive periods that the current rightsholders have to negotiate extensions to their contracts. The 73-year-old billionaire also owns the Los Angeles Kings and a share of the Los Angeles Lakers, and he isn't alone when it comes to MLS … During his time with the team, he has led the efforts that resulted in the building of Audi Field, D.C. United’s new 20,000 seat state-of-the-art stadium. https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/club/ownership-front-office [252] KickTV was sold to Copa90 in 2015 to form its American branch. The 2020 season was the first season in league history in which teams will not play against every other team in the league. [257], TVA Sports holds exclusive French-language rights to MLS in Canada as of the 2017 season. The New England Revolution is the tenth most valuable MLS soccer franchise in the league. Vancouver Whitecaps FC is a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia.The Whitecaps FC compete in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member club of the league's Western Conference.The Whitecaps FC were the 17th team to enter Major League Soccer and replaced the USSF Division 2 team of the same name in the city. Additionally, media noted that Major League Soccer has long-opposed the adoption of promotion and relegation, continuing to utilize the fixed, franchise-based model used in other U.S. sports leagues. [68], The league's financial stabilization plan included teams moving out of large American football stadiums and into soccer-specific stadiums. On November 29, 2012, it was announced that Cheryl Bailey had been named executive director in the new league. “Austin FC is more than a quality investment FOR Austin, it’s a … The departures of Clint Dempsey and Jozy Altidore, coupled with the return of former U.S. national team stars Claudio Reyna and Brian McBride, highlighted the exchange of top prospects to Europe for experienced veterans to MLS. [111] An expansion team was awarded to Cincinnati, Ohio on May 29, 2018, to the ownership group of USL's FC Cincinnati. Colorado Rapids owner Stanley Kroenke, who is worth $5.3 billion, owns the St. Louis Rams, Colorado Avalanche and Denver Nuggets. Total league TV revenues are over $40 million annually. In Pictures: Major League Soccer's Billionaire Owners, Feature Story: Major League Soccer's Most Valuable Teams. by Soccer America, Aug 31, 2006 [162] MLS teams can also use Targeted Allocation Money (often referred to as TAM), an initiative announced in 2015. Major League Soccer's 27 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences. [177], Near the end of the 2008 season, Rio Tinto Stadium became the home of Real Salt Lake, which meant that for the first time in MLS history a majority of MLS's teams (8 out of 14) played in soccer-specific stadiums. Saputo [14], In early 2005, MLS signed a 10-year, $150 million sponsorship deal with Adidas for its jerseys and other equipment. From the section United States Major League Soccer [170] MLS began integrating its Reserve League with the league then known as USL Pro in 2013,[171] and after the 2014 season folded the Reserve League, with MLS now requiring all teams to either affiliate with a USL team or field their own reserve side in that league. The wealthiest MLS team owner is Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, who is worth $15.8 billion. The 2017 salary cap increased to $3.845 million per team. Gillette My sports interests range from baseball and hockey to cricket and Formula One, though I specialize…. Fourteen teams participate in the MLS Cup Playoffs in October, which concludes with the MLS Cup championship game in early December. [156] In the past, when rosters were smaller, there were multiple goalkeepers signed to the pool, however, in recent years only one or two keepers are signed as team rosters are much larger. Fourteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup Playoffs in late October and November, culminating in the league's championship game, the MLS Cup. Charlotte FC is owned by David Tepper, a billionaire hedge fund manager and businessman. [48] The league had generated some buzz by managing to lure some marquee players from the 1994 World Cup to play in MLS—including U.S. stars such as Alexi Lalas, Tony Meola and Eric Wynalda, and foreign players such as Mexico's Jorge Campos and Colombia's Carlos Valderrama. [97], In April 2016, the league's commissioner Don Garber reiterated the intention of the league to expand to 28 teams, with the next round of expansion "likely happening in 2020". Beckham played over 700 games for five club teams over his storied soccer career. One aspect that had alienated fans was that MLS experimented with rules deviations in its early years in an attempt to "Americanize" the sport. The league made its first appearance in the management series Football Manager 2005 in 2004.[263]. [164] MLS roster rules allow teams to sign an unlimited number players straight from their academies and bypassing the draft process. The Club’s new management … Since December 2015, when AEG sold its remaining 50% interest in the Houston Dynamo, the former multiple-team operators AEG and Hunt Sports, with the LA Galaxy and FC Dallas respectively, now only control one franchise. I report on the business of sports for Forbes' SportsMoney group. [260] As part of the agreement, Sky Sports broadcast at least two MLS regular-season matches each week, as well as the MLS All-Star Game, every MLS Cup Playoff game, and the MLS Cup final. In 2000, Konami released ESPN MLS GameNight, and two years later, they released its sequel, ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002. [198] Austin FC opened Q2 Stadium for its first season in 2021. And of course the $100 million expansion fee paid for the newly formed New York City FC hints that another fortune is joining the ranks. In late February 2017, D.C. United finally broke ground on their new stadium, Audi Field. Orlando City have beaten David Beckham and LeBron James to become the newest MLS team. [46], Tab Ramos was the first player signed by MLS, on January 3, 1995, and was assigned to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. Real Salt Lake and Chivas USA began play in 2005, with Chivas USA becoming the second club in Los Angeles. Statistics are for regular season only. Following the folding of the Development Academy,[172] MLS announced its own development league in 2020. Statistics below are for all-time leaders who are still playing. [152] In 2015, 49% of MLS players were born outside of the U.S. and Canada, with players from 58 countries represented. [23] At the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters' Shield and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. [195], FC Cincinnati made its MLS debut in 2019 at Nippert Stadium, the football home of the University of Cincinnati. During the 2011 season, the Galaxy signed another international star in Republic of Ireland all-time leading goalscorer Robbie Keane. [133] Examples include Red Bull's purchase of the MetroStars from AEG in 2006 for over $100 million. At the conclusion of each season, the league presents several awards for outstanding achievements, mostly to players, but also to coaches, referees, and teams. by Dennie Wendt. [190], Of the three teams that made their MLS debuts in 2017 and 2018, one opened a soccer-specific stadium in 2019, a second is playing in a shared football stadium, and the last opened a soccer-specific stadium for its inaugural 2018 season. The league's first commissioner was Doug Logan, who served in the role from 1995 to 1999. MLSsoccer.com, The expansion, refs, Cascadia: MLS Commissioner Don Garber covers it all in annual address, February 27, 2013. [54][55][56][57] [183] The San Jose Earthquakes, who had played at Buck Shaw Stadium from 2008 until 2014, opened their new Avaya Stadium (now PayPal Park) before the 2015 season. Reach me at csmith@forbes.com and follow me on Twitter @ChrisSmith813. MLS follows the rules and standards of the International Football Association Board (IFAB). Utah Soccer Holdings owns the MLS side Real Salt Lake, National Women’s Soccer League (NWSL) team Utah Royals and second division side Real Monarchs in the United Soccer … Major League Soccer (MLS) is a men's professional soccer league sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation, which represents the sport's highest level in the United States and Canada. [120], The league suspended its 2020 season on March 12, 2020, after two weeks, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, and other U.S.-based sports leagues did the same. The current logo is a simple crest with a diagonal stripe, the MLS wordmark, and three stars that represent "community, club, and country". [155] The pool goalkeeper trains with an MLS club or an affiliated team when not assigned to a team; some pool goalkeepers, including Tim Melia, have gone on to be signed to permanent contract with their assigned teams. August 20, 2019, 11:53 AM. Major League Soccer: 2020: Eastern Conference: 8th Overall: 15th Playoffs: Conference Finals: Website: Club website: Home colors. [79] MLS drew an average attendance of 17,872 in 2011, higher than the average attendances of the NBA and NHL. Jody Allen. These initiatives have brought about an increase in on-field competition. [196] Inter Miami began play in 2020 at Inter Miami CF Stadium, now known as DRV PNK Stadium, at the former site of Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale before opening Miami Freedom Park in 2022. You may opt-out by, Future of Work | Presented by Microsoft Teams, The Next Step | Small Business Video Series, WWE SmackDown Results: Winners, News And Notes On May 21, 2021, Atlanta Falcons Trade Candidate Julio Jones Has Plenty Left In The Tank, Brooklyn Nets, American Express Debut Contactless, Frictionless Store At Barclays Center, Why Julio Jones Trade To The San Francisco 49ers Could Work, Five-Star Guard Scoot Henderson to Reclassify, Sign With NBA G League Ignite, What Is At Stake For AC Milan, Napoli And Juventus In Serie A’s Final Round Of The Season, San Francisco Giants’ Veterans Drinking From The Fountain Of Youth, Five-Star Prospects Matt And Ryan Bewley Make History As First Signings For Overtime Elite League, incredible success over the last five years. © 2021 Forbes Media LLC. The concept is comparable to rivalry trophies played for by American college football teams. Every year, four to five MLS teams—four from the U.S. and one from Canada—play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region. The club has been owned … Being an investor in Major League Soccer entitles you to operate one of the teams owned by the league. Instead, the league centrally owns them, with investor-operators (who are … [141][142], Mark Abbott, a former MLS business partner, has served as the league's President and Deputy Commissioner since 2006. D.C. United and Miami Fusion FC were the only two MLS teams to adopt European naming conventions during the 1990s. [135][136] The league eventually dissolved the team,[137] in favor of awarding rights to a second soccer club in the Los Angeles area to a new investor group on October 30, 2014. [249], From 2012 to 2014, MLS matches were broadcast by NBC Sports, with 40 matches per year—primarily on NBCSN, and select matches broadcast on the NBC network. The teams would own the league, and the league would contract US Soccer to manage league operations. In Montreal, Joey team [173] The soccer-specific stadiums have yielded positive financial results as teams were no longer required to pay to rent out facilities and gained control over revenue streams such as concessions, parking, naming rights, and the ability to host non-MLS events. [176] FC Dallas opened Pizza Hut Park, now Toyota Stadium, in 2005, and the Chicago Fire began playing their home games in Toyota Park, now SeatGeek Stadium, in 2006. [13] MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, losing millions of dollars and folding two teams in 2002. [158][unreliable source? [112], In 2013, New York City FC agreed to pay a record $100 million expansion fee for the right to join MLS in 2015. [3][4] The league comprises 27 teams—24 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada—and plans to expand to 30 teams by the 2023 season. [17], The MLS regular season typically starts in late February or early March and runs through mid-October, with each team playing 34 games;[18][19] the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters' Shield. [113] This record was surpassed by the ownership groups of FC Cincinnati and Nashville SC, which each paid $150 million to join MLS (FC Cincinnati in 2019 and Nashville SC in 2020). Minnesota United FC, which debuted in 2017, built Allianz Field in St. Paul which hosted its inaugural game against New York City FC on April 13, 2019. [165] There is also supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds. [14] Since then, developments such as the proliferation of soccer-specific stadiums around the league, implementation of the Designated Player Rule allowing teams to sign star players such as David Beckham, and national TV contracts have made MLS profitable. Allen, another member of the multi-sport ranks with ownership of the Portland Trail Blazers and Seattle Seahawks, is actually a minority owner of the Seattle Sounders. [60] From 2003 to 2008, the league oversaw the construction of six additional soccer-specific stadiums, largely funded by owners such as Lamar Hunt and Phil Anschutz, so that by the end of 2008, a majority of teams were now in soccer-specific stadiums. The Dynamo became an expansion team, leaving their history behind for a new San Jose ownership group that formed in 2007. Beckham has built up a massive $450 million net worth, and he used it to purchase his own MLS expansion team. [74], By 2008, San Jose had returned to the league under new ownership, and in 2009, the expansion side Seattle Sounders FC began play in MLS. [37] Another inter-league competition with Liga MX, the Leagues Cup, was established in 2019. Austrian beverage company Red Bull GmbH owns and sponsors the New York Red Bulls as well as other sports teams outside the U.S.[134], As of the 2021 season, MLS matches are broadcast nationally by ESPN networks and Fox Sports in English, and Univision networks in Spanish under an eight-year contract. For other uses, see, Designated Players; retention & allocation money. 19. Who owns the teams? Jay Heaps is the organizations head coach. Inter Miami: David Beckham-owned side face MLS probe into Blaise Matuidi deal Last updated on 5 March 2021 5 March 2021 . [89] Even though New York City FC and Orlando City were not set to begin play until 2015, each team made headlines during the summer 2014 transfer window by announcing their first Designated Players—Spain's leading scorer David Villa and Chelsea's leading scorer Frank Lampard to New York, and Ballon d'Or winner Kaká to Orlando. Red Bull Since 2005, the playoff extra time structure follows IFAB standards: two full 15-minute periods, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary. [5], MLS announced on December 20, 2017, that it would be awarding an expansion franchise to Nashville, Tennessee, to play in a yet-to-be-built 27,000-seat soccer-specific stadium, Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium, and would join MLS in 2020.

Hamilton Brookline Order Online, Wizard Card Game Harry Potter Crossword, Fia Exemptions For Acca, Valorant Mobile Port, Zz Top Controversy, Le Peintre De La Vie Moderne Pdf, Blue Moon 12 Pack,