No published randomized controlled trials have examined the addition of EBRT to standard treatment, namely surgery. Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis occurred in 3 cases as a complication related to bleomycin therapy. ATC generally occurs in individuals with a history of goiter or thyroid cancer. We analyzed immediate causes of death based on specific pathological conditions that led directly to death in 161 fatal cases of thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic thyroid cancer, or ATC, is a type of thyroid cancer. Based on the immediate causes of death recognized in this study, the following additional palliative procedures may be worth considering to improve quality of life and perhaps survival in patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma: tracheostomy for airway stenosis, decompression and fixation of spinal canal for vertebral metastasis, resection of sternal metastasis for compression of the vena cava, and removal of metastatic tumor in the brain. Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. In previous studies, classifications of causes of death were not consistent from study to study, making comparison difficult. Most cases of anaplastic thyroid cancer are diagnosed in the sixth to seventh decade of life. Six of our patients died of conditions associated with therapeutic procedures, including pulmonary fibrosis induced by chemotherapy and serious bone marrow suppression after external irradiation and chemotherapy. Malignant lymphoma in the thyroid was excluded by immunohistochemical determination of leukocyte common antigen and keratin (20). This is a single-arm, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HX008 injection in patients with metastatic or locally advanced anaplastic thyroid cancer. Replacement of most of the right ventricle by the metastatic papillary carcinoma resulted in cardiogenic shock in one case; pericardiac effusion from metastases in the pericardium and myocardium led to cardiac tamponade in another case. Treatment-related pulmonary fibrosis and treatment-related aplastic anemia have been reported previously (15). The F/M ratio of 4.0 for fatal differentiated thyroid carcinoma in this series was lower than the overall 6.3 reported for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in Japan (5). Consequently, it was clearly indicated that respiratory insufficiency due to remarkable pulmonary metastasis replacing lung tissue, massive hemorrhage and airway obstruction due to uncontrolled local tumors, and circulatory failure resulting from compression of the vena cava by extensive mediastinal or sternal metastases were the most important immediate causes of death in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Ninety-nine patients in this series were diagnosed as having anaplastic carcinoma at the time of death. [15] Additional factors that affect prognosis include the person's age, the presence of distant metastases, the dose of radiation administered to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes, and if combined modality treatment is used.[2]. Sadly, his case is typical of anaplastic thyroid cancer. This is a fast-growing type of thyroid cancer. Please be reassured that you are not alone. Among 612 consecutive patients treated initially at Ito Hospital and reported previously (2), the 5-yr survival rate among patients with anaplastic carcinoma was 0%, and the 10-yr survival rates among papillary and follicular carcinoma patients were 95.8% and 92.5%, respectively. It has been recognized that differentiated thyroid carcinoma can transform to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (16). [2] Palliative treatment consists of radiation therapy usually combined with chemotherapy. [10]. [2] If surgery is planned, however, then a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck must be performed. Immunotherapy is also starting to play an important role in anaplastic thyroid cancer management with several ongoing clinical trials demonstrating promising effects. It should also be noted that tracheostomy relieves airway stenosis patients from the fear of suffocation. A clinical and pathological study of 70 fatal cases. These include sarcomatoid, squamoid, osteoclastic, paucicellular, rhabdoid, and carcinomasarcoid variants. Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) is of 2types: humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and local osteolytic hypercalcemia (32). [Google Scholar] 8. This suggests that many ATC cases have dedifferentiated from differentiated thyroid cancer and, as a result, become more aggressive and difficult to treat. Additional factors that affect prognosis include the person's age, the presence of distant metastases, the dose of radiation administered to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes, and if combined modality treatment is used. For about half of people who receive a diagnosis, the cancer has already spread to other organs. Thus, tracheostomy is likely to be important in preventing death by airway obstruction in thyroid carcinoma patients. Due to the rarity of ATC, a comprehensive genomic characterization of this tumor type has been challenging, and thus the development of new therapies has been lacking. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that is almost always fatal and lacks effective systemic treatment options for patients with BRAF-wild type disease.As part of a phase I/II study in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors, patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were treated with spartalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the programmed death … St. Louis, The thyroid. We are dedicated to support, education, and communication for thyroid cancer survivors, their families and friends. However, in areas with endemic goiter or neglected thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is still prevalent, forming 2–3 % of all thyroid cancers . Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an uncommon, usually lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. Anaplastic thyroid cancer, also called undifferentiated thyroid cancer, is very rare and makes up only 1 to 2% of all thyroid cancers. However, the categories overlapped, and thus the findings were somewhat nonspecific. [2] The median survival time after diagnosis is three to six months. In the absence of extracervical or unresectable disease, surgical excision should be followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Treatments used in 161 patients with fatal thyroid carcinoma. P < 0.05 compared to anaplastic carcinoma. RAI treatment was the first true “targeted therapy” developed in the treatment of cancer. Survival time from the diagnosis of pulmonary or bone metastasis to death with anaplastic carcinoma was significantly shorter than that with differentiated carcinoma (Table 4). P < 0.001, statistically significant, compared to anaplastic carcinoma. Harada T, Ito K, Shimaoka K, Hosoda Y, Yakumaru K. Smith S, Hay I, Goellner J, Ryan J, McConahey W. Higashi T, Ito K, Mimura T, Ohi T, Nishikawa Y, Wilcox Jr JR. Myskow MW, Krajewski AS, Dewar AE, et al. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma comprises the papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. ANAPLASTIC THYROID CANCER Dr. TALAL MGBOUL R (2) 2. Clinical characteristics and immediate (final) causes of death based on pathological conditions were analyzed in 62 anaplastic carcinomas and 99 fatal differentiated carcinomas. Thyroid cacinoma and death. Mean survival times from initial treatment to death were 67.8, 6.2, and 106.4 months, respectively. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-1080-9. Over 5500 patients with malignant thyroid tumors were treated at Ito Hospital in Tokyo between 1971 and 1997. 2016; 54 (3):733–741. One anaplastic carcinoma patient survived for an unusually long period of 4 yr. The peak age incidence is 60 - 70 years and it is more common in females (55% - 77% of all patients). Due to the small number of fatal cases, it has not been clarified what conditions result in death for patients with thyroid carcinoma. [2] Ultrasound imaging of ATC lesions reveals a hypoechoic mass (appears dark on ultrasound) with invasion of the local structures and may help to better characterize the presence or absence of neck lymph node metastases. There are a number of clinical trials for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma underway or being planned. Endocrine. The clinicopathological features of the 161 fatal thyroid carcinoma patients were analyzed according to medical record descriptions. Recently, resection of metastatic brain tumors has been performed (29, 30) in certain circumstances. Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. It is an aggressive locoregional disease with a high metastatic capacity. 1. For medullary thyroid cancer, after 6.25 years patients are more likely to die from other etiologies than thyroid cancer. 5,6 Anaplastic thyroid cancer, itself, is very rarely treated with RAI treatment. One papillary thyroid carcinoma patient in our series underwent removal of a metastatic brain tumor 8 yr before death and showed no recurrence in the brain. Clinical characteristics of 161 patients with fatal thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Conclusion. The remaining 106 patients were analyzed in detail for specific causes of death (Table 6). Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the rarest type of thyroid cancer but also the deadliest. Stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer (3). Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. reported that patients at Mayo Clinic with fatal papillary thyroid carcinoma showed a low F/M ratio compared to patients with nonfatal carcinoma (17). Median survival is usually 4-5 months from the time of diagnosis. The histological diagnoses made at the time of initial treatment were used to classify the 161 fatal thyroid carcinomas, which comprised 62 anaplastic carcinomas and 99 differentiated carcinomas (81 papillary carcinomas and 18 follicular carcinomas). [2] The presence of regionally swollen lymph nodes in older patients in whom needle aspiration biopsy reveals characteristic vesicular appearance of the nuclei supports a diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma. Most patients with thyroid carcinoma have a good prognosis. It is well known that anaplastic thyroid carcinoma spreads widely and progresses very rapidly despite currently available treatments. The majority of our patients with fatal differentiated thyroid carcinoma who had local recurrences and distant metastases had maintained a relatively good general condition until terminal complications appeared. Mean survival in cases of anaplastic carcinoma in this study was only 6.2 months, which is consistent with previously reported survival times (3.2–9 months) (7, 15, 26). Hu MI, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Lustig R, Lamont JP. The first signs of anaplastic thyroid cancerare typically related to compression of the structures in the neck, which results from physical enlargement of the thyroid gland. The remaining 2 showed remarkable multiple bone metastases and mild renal function disturbances and thus were considered local osteolytic hypercalcemia cases (34). The introduction of targeted therapy to the treatment landscape for anaplastic thyroid cancer has been challenging in the past because some patients do not … Histological diagnosis was made according to the criteria of the Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgery (18) based on the findings of aspiration biopsy cytology, 67Ga scintigraphy (19), and pathological examination of surgical, biopsy, and autopsy specimens. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is more common in women than in males 5: 1 and peak occurs in the sixth and seventh decades of life. IVA — Anaplastic cancer is divided into stages IVA, IVB and IVC. [7] A multidisciplinary team including an endocrine pathologist, head and neck surgeon, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, endocrinologist, and a palliative care physician is essential for optimal management. Prognosis and treatment of brain metatases in thyroid carcinoma. Hemorrhage from the tumors and airway obstruction due to uncontrollable local tumors were the second most important causes of death. For medullary thyroid cancer, after 6.25 years patients are more likely to die from other etiologies than thyroid cancer. This is a serious type of thyroid cancer which can result in death. Analysis of thyroid cacinoma based on material registered in Japan during 1977–1986 with special reference to predominance of papillary type. There are currently no target therapies approved for treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), leading to a clear need for improving therapy for ATC. Account 0.9 – 9.8 % of all thyroid cancer. [2] Some studies report that 10% to 15% survive more than 1 year; 3-year and 5-year survival is very rare. This was June 28, 2009, a month after he first felt the lump. In two recent cases, sternal metastases of papillary and follicular carcinoma were treated with excision of the sternum and replacement with a resin board. Our study showed respiratory insufficiency due to multiple pulmonary metastases to be the most important single immediate cause of death for both anaplastic (35%) and differentiated (36%) carcinomas. In contrast, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, accounting for more than 90% of thyroid carcinomas (1, 5), is generally characterized by slow growth and a low mortality rate (8–15%) (8–12). Women are more likely to be affected than men. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 82 cases. The introduction of targeted therapy to the treatment landscape for anaplastic thyroid cancer has been challenging in the past because some patients do not … Anaplastic thyroid cancer, or ATC, is a type of thyroid cancer. Ask your doctor what you can expect based on your type of cancer and other things that are unique to you. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma makes up about 1-2% of thyroid malignancies and accounts for 14 - 39% of thyroid cancer deaths, with a mean survival rate of 6 months from diagnosis, regardless of treatment [2]. Long-term results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Times shown are the mean ± sd. Unlike its differentiated counterparts, anaplastic thyroid cancer is highly unlikely to be curable either by surgery or by any other treatment modality, and is in fact usually unresectable due to its high propensity for invading surrounding tissues. [2] BRAF and TERT mutations are seen more commonly in ATC than in differentiated thyroid cancer. The biopsy showed that it was thyroid cancer but not which kind. ATC is an uncommon form of thyroid cancer only accounting for 1-2% of cases, but due to its high mortality, is responsible for 20-50% of deaths from thyroid cancer. S(I)VC, Superior (inferior) vena cava; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy; GI, gastrointestinal. Years and months are shown as the mean ± sd. Anaplastic thyroid cancer can be one of the most lethal cancers known to mankind but rare cases can also be curable. The female to male (F/M) ratio for the total cases was 3.4 (2.6 for anaplastic carcinoma and 4.0 for differentiated carcinoma). For localized anaplastic thyroid cancer, the 5-year survival rate is 31%. [5] Cellular death is frequently visualized on microscopic images. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The combination of dabrafenib and trametinib has shown significant increases in overall survival and has been approved by the FDA. Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, About The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Survival from initial treatment to death [months (range)], Histological diagnosis at death [n, 0.4 (%)], Survival from pulmonary metastasis to death, months, Survival from bone metastasis to death, months. The overall 5-year survival rate is reportedly less than 10% and most patients do not live longer than a few months after diagnosis. Microscopic images of ATC usually show inflammatory cells from the immune system such as T cells and macrophages. It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. Imbalances in age, sex, completeness of surgical excision, histological type and stage, between patients receiving and not receiving EBRT, confound retrospective studies. The reported frequency of bone metastasis as an immediate cause of death is not consistent and ranges from 0–24% (2, 10, 11, 14, 17). These include other cancers such as primary thyroid lymphoma, poorly differentiated thyroid cancer, sarcomas, and metastases from cancers of the upper digestive tract and respiratory tract. Mortality from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thus, it is necessary to check cardiac involvement by echocardiogram in patients with advanced thyroid carcinoma. In the UK in 2016-2018, on average each year almost 6 in 10 deaths (55%) were in people aged 75 and over. Mean survival time for fatal differentiated carcinoma in this series of approximately 9 yr from initial treatment to death was similar to survival times previously reported (6.4 yr with follicular thyroid carcinoma, 5–8.5 yr in papillary thyroid carcinoma) (10, 14, 17). Treatment usually … However, fatal pathological conditions due to bone metastasis in other reports were ambiguous. In the remaining 106 patients, respiratory insufficiency (43%) was the most common specific fatal condition, followed by circulatory failure (15%), hemorrhage (15%), and airway obstruction (13%). Among 612 consecutive patients treated initially at Ito Hospital and reported previously (2), the 5-yr survival rate among patients with anaplastic carcinoma was 0%, and the 10-yr survival rates among papillary and follicular carcinoma patients were 95.8% and 92.5%, respectively. [2] Associated redness and swelling of the overlying skin sometimes occur. The treatments used in these fatal cases are summarized in Table 2. Differentiated thyroid cancer is seen coexisting with ATC on fine-needle aspiration biopsies in 20-50% of cases. Thirty-seven of these patients were diagnosed with differentiated carcinoma at initial treatment, and in 17 of the patients diagnosed with anaplastic carcinoma at the time of death, differentiated carcinoma was histologically shown to exist as well. In marked contrast to differentiated thyroid cancers, anaplastic cancers are extremely aggressive, with a disease-specific mortality approaching 100 percent. It regulates the body's metabolism and energy levels. This allows an experienced pathologist to differentiate ATC from other diseases, such as other forms of thyroid cancer. ATC is different than other types of thyroid cancers because ATC invades other parts of the body very quickly. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma makes up about 1-2% of thyroid malignancies and accounts for 14 - 39% of thyroid cancer deaths, with a mean survival rate of 6 months from diagnosis, regardless of treatment [2]. This compression of local anatomic structures may cause symptoms such as difficulty controlling the voice, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or trouble breathing. The results of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective review of 1599 patients. [2], Anaplastic thyroid cancer typically manifests as a rapidly enlarging neck mass. With the advent of molecular testing and next-generation sequencing, BRAF and MEK inhibitors are playing an increasing role in the management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer harboring such mutations. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. Here are seven things you need to know about anaplastic thyroid cancer and its stages. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare, aggressive form of thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the most rare and lethal form of thyroid cancer. This patient’s condition was thought to be renal failure in association with HHM, as there was no clinical evidence of bone metastasis. RAI treatment was the first true “targeted therapy” developed in the treatment of cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Rodriguez JM, Pinero A, Ortiz S, et al. [2] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is also recommended to assess for distant metastases. Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) with fatal thyroid carcinoma. A case-control study of 56 lethal cases. It is not known what causes anaplastic thyroid cancer, but often well-differentiated thyroid cancers can … Kitamura Y, Ishikawa N, Kawano M, et al. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the least common form of the disease, but it is also the most aggressive and deadly, growing quickly and spreading to other parts of the body. It accounts for 1–2% of thyroid malignancies, but specific mortality is higher than 90%. The mean survival time is usually less than 6 months from the time of diagnosis and, unfortunately, this outcome is not fundamentally altered by available treatments. Risk factors include: age > 65, long standing goiter, and exposure to chest radiation. Lenvatinib demonstrated a longer median overall survival compared with palliative therapy in patients with stage IVC anaplastic thyroid cancer, a rare disease for which the survival rate has not improved in roughly 20 years. Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Conclusion [3][4] It occurs more commonly in women than in men and is seen most commonly in people ages 40 to 70. [2] ATC is always considered to be stage IV when it is diagnosed. To provide appropriate management for patients with advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma, it is important to recognize the immediate (final) causes of death. The use of tracheostomy as part of supportive care for ATC is controversial. Based on radioiodine uptake status and histological findings (18, 21), 35 of 79 (44%) of the differentiated carcinomas [30 of 62 (48%) of the papillary carcinomas and 5 of 17 (29%) of the follicular carcinomas] were considered poorly differentiated at initial treatment. In January of 2002, my 9-month-old daughter sneezed on me with a mouthful of food. ATC may rarely present with coughing up blood.[2]. Remarkable mediastinal tumors (n = 5) and extensive sternal metastases (n = 2) resulted in compression of the vena cava followed by critical hypotension. Several of our differentiated carcinoma patients with vertebral metastasis underwent successful decompression and fixation surgeries to avoid paralysis and relieve pain; these patients continued without paralysis for at least 3 yr. Palliative surgery for bone metastasis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is reported to favorably affect the quality of life and prognosis (29, 31). Some recent studies have indicated that EBRT may be promising, though the number of patients studies has been small.[12]. Usually patient with anaplastic cancer older than those with diffrentiated cancer. Mean age at initial treatment and mean survival with differentiated carcinoma differed significantly (P < 0.001) from mean age and mean survival with anaplastic carcinoma. Pulmonary metastasis of differntiated thyroid carcinoma: treatment results in 101 patients. Frequency of persistent or recurrent local tumors and distant metastases in 161 fatal thyroid carcinomas. Maniakas A, Dadu R, et al., Overall Survival in Patients With Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma, 2000-2019 "JAMA Oncology", Numbers from National Cancer Database in the US, from. Autops Case Rep [Internet]. Surgery is sometimes the most applicable treatment regimen for this type of thyroid cancer. Hinch stands up for friend Kevin Towers", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anaplastic_thyroid_cancer&oldid=1011112965, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 March 2021, at 02:33. Purpose:Patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) have a very high death rate. Thyroid carcinoma derived from follicular epithelial cells is categorized as either anaplastic (undifferentiated) or differentiated. RAI treatment is a type of internal radiation therapy. This study reviews outcomes of patients with confirmed ATC referred to a tertiary oncology centre plus reviews the literature to explore how poor outcomes may be improved. [2], ATC is divided into several different subclasses based on its microscopic characteristics. Remember, everyone is different. Mean ages at initial treatment for total cases, anaplastic carcinomas, and differentiated carcinomas were 60.9, 65.8, and 58.7 yr, respectively; mean ages at death were 66.4, 66.0, and 66.6 yr, respectively. We studied 161 of these patients; all 161 died while under detailed observation at It… 1. Nel C, van Heerden J, Goellner J, et al. Widely spread multiple pulmonary metastases resulted in the replacement of a large amount of lung tissue by carcinoma in 38 of the 46 patients who died of respiratory insufficiency. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare yet accounts for up to 50% of all thyroid cancer deaths. Anaplastic transformation of adenocarcinoma. The genetic alterations in fatal NAT cancers have not been reported. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. It was 28% in our series. I went to my family doctor the next day. Definition Extremely aggressive undiffrentiated tumor of thyroid follicular epithelium. A tertiary cancer center generally has large numbers of patients seen on a referral basis and thus has the greatest experience with such a lethal and rare disease. In this series, MAH was identified in 10 of 154 (6.5%) cases (in 8.9% of anaplastic carcinomas and in 5.1% of differentiated carcinomas; Table 8). Author information: (1)Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. The figures indicate the number of cases; percentages are in parentheses. Over 5500 patients with malignant thyroid tumors were treated at Ito Hospital in Tokyo between 1971 and 1997. The American Cancer Society relies on information from the SEER* database, maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), to provide survival statistics for different types of cancer. Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer associated hypercalcemia. Single specific conditions arising from thyroid carcinoma that contributed directly to death were determined on the basis of clinical manifestations, examination data, and autopsy findings. P < 0.05 compared to follicular carcinoma. Although the incidence of MAH in thyroid carcinoma is low compared with that in most other cancers (35), hypercalcemia should be considered, possibly leading to death in thyroid carcinoma. Current results of treatment for distant metastatic well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. There was no relapse in the anterior mediastinum before death in these cases. We thank Ms. Dolly Baker for her assistance in preparing this manuscript. In this series, 78% of the total cases (86% of anaplastic carcinomas and 72% of differentiated carcinomas) showed pulmonary metastasis; 70–85% of autopsy cases have shown pulmonary metastasis in other studies (13, 15). Natural history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer is generally palliative in its intent due to its highly aggressive nature and nearly universal mortality. [6], There are no reliable laboratory tests for ATC. For this reason, it’s described only as stage IVA, IVB, or IVC. The The surgery was 6 hours long. Multiple serious conditions developed simultaneously in not a few cases of fatal thyroid carcinoma in this series. Distant metastatic lesions alone were responsible for deaths significantly more frequently in cases of differentiated carcinoma than in cases of anaplastic carcinoma. Of all 161 patients who died, 70 (44%) had airway stenosis, which was confirmed by x-ray or endoscopic examination; 19 of these 70 patients did not undergo tracheostomy. Multimodality treatment in anaplastic giant cell thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic transformation is considered another important prognostic factor in differentiated carcinoma (16). Anaplastic cancer can arise denovo, from Hurthle cell variants of follicular carcinoma, or papillary thyroid cancer [2]. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy that is almost always fatal and lacks effective systemic treatment options for patients with BRAF-wild type disease.As part of a phase I/II study in patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors, patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma were treated with spartalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the programmed death … Significance and effects of intensive chemotherapy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. Consequently, 12 died of asphyxia. Small bowel perforation and death caused by anaplastic thyroid carcinoma metastasis in a patient with concomitant colonic and bilateral breast carcinoma.

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